Skip to Content

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Solubility and thermodynamic function of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents.

Food chemistry (2015-03-15)

Faiyaz Shakeel, Nazrul Haq, Nasir A Siddiqui

ABSTRACT

The solubility of vanillin in ten different environmentally benign solvents namely water, ethanol, ethylene glycol (EG), ethyl acetate (EA), isopropanol (IPA), propylene glycol (PG), polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400), Transcutol, butanol-1 and butanol-2 was measured and correlated at T=(298-318)K. The resulting experimental data were correlated with the modified Apelblat and Van't Hoff models. Both the models showed good correlation of experimental solubility data with calculated ones with root mean square deviations in the range of (0.08-1.55)%. The mole fraction solubility of vanillin was observed highest in PEG-400 (4.29 × 10(-1) at 298 K) followed by Transcutol, EA, butanol-2, ethanol, EG, PG, IPA, butanol-1 and water from T=(298-318)K. The results of thermodynamic function in terms of dissolution enthalpy, Gibbs energy and dissolution entropy showed endothermic, spontaneous and entropy-driven dissolution of vanillin in all environmentally benign solvents.

MATERIALS

Product Number

Brand

Product Description

Sigma-Aldrich

Ethyl alcohol, Pure 200 proof, Molecular Biology

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC-GC, ≥99.8% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for DNA synthesis, ≥99.9% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, biotech. grade, ≥99.93%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ≥99.5% (GC)

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, HPLC Plus, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, suitable for HPLC, gradient grade, ≥99.9%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, ReagentPlus^®, 99%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, anhydrous, 99.8%

Supelco

Acetonitrile, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

1,3-Propanediol, 98%

Sigma-Aldrich

Butyl alcohol, natural, ≥99.5%, FCC, FG

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, ≥99.5% (GC)

Supelco

1,2-Propanediol, analytical standard

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, tested according to Ph. Eur.

Sigma-Aldrich

1,2-Propanediol, ACS reagent, ≥99.5%

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetonitrile, electronic grade, 99.999% trace metals basis

USP

Residual Solvent Class 2 - Acetonitrile, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Sigma-Aldrich

Acetone, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., ≥99.5% (GC)

USP

Vanillin Melting Point Standard, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard

Supelco

Ethanol solution, certified reference material, 2000 μg/mL in methanol

Supelco

Vanillin melting point standard, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Propylene glycol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Dehydrated Alcohol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material

Supelco

Mettler-Toledo Calibration substance ME 51143093, Vanillin, traceable to primary standards (LGC)